World’s Oldest Mental Hospital: Aya Maryeros Underground Monastery to Be Restored

The Aya Maryeros Underground Monastery in Derinkuyu, Nevşehir, believed to be the world’s first psychiatric treatment center from the Byzantine era, is set to undergo restoration and open as a museum.

Located in Cumhuriyet District, the monastery’s entrance was discovered in the 1990s beneath an abandoned building. The complex features tunnels, carved chambers, cellars, and living spaces similar to Cappadocia’s famous underground cities. A joint project by the Derinkuyu District Governor’s Office and municipality aims to preserve the site and prepare it for tourism.

The World’s First Known Psychiatric Hospital

Derinkuyu Mayor Taner İnce emphasized the site’s historical significance:

“This is believed to be the world’s first mental hospital, dating back to the 4th century AD. Here, Christian clerics treated individuals suffering from mental health issues, turning this monastery into a place of therapy and healing.”

İnce noted that the site had been heavily damaged by treasure hunters and neglected for years, even used as a dumping ground. Following its expropriation, the goal is to transform the monastery into a museum, boosting the cultural tourism of Derinkuyu and Cappadocia.

Possible Connection to Derinkuyu Underground City

Historian Dr. Eray Karatekir highlighted that Aya Maryeros is one of many underground complexes built by Christians fleeing persecution in the Byzantine era:

“Located 10 to 15 meters underground, this monastery is known to have served as a treatment center for the mentally ill. We believe its tunnels may connect to the vast Derinkuyu Underground City. Despite past destruction, restoration efforts will likely reveal even more hidden sections of the site.”

Once reopened, Aya Maryeros will offer visitors a unique experience: the chance to explore not only one of Cappadocia’s ancient underground networks but also the world’s first known mental health facility.

Cover Image Credit: Aya Maryeros Underground Monastery’s rock-carved chambers and tunnels – Believed to be the world’s first psychiatric hospital. Photo: AA